![]() In summer, livestock and people move away from the village to settlements along a 3000 m elevational range to graze on the available pastures. During spring, sheep and goats are taken to nearby low-lying pastures and meadows on a rotation basis. In winter, livestock are kept in stalls near the village. These seasonal mechanisms involve different types of livestock mobility, diverse fodder consumption, and grazing patterns. The findings reveal that the strategy adopted by mountain pastoralists combines 7 different grazing mechanisms and stall feeding to use spatially segregated and seasonally productive rangeland resources in a sustainable manner. ![]() ![]() Data were collected from a survey, focus groups, and observations through multistage stratified sampling and extensive fieldwork (2016–2019). This study analyzes how mountain pastoralists in Lotkuh Valley (Chitral, Pakistan) use their rangelands in changing social, environmental, and climatic contexts. ![]() The magnitude of these threats and their impacts is higher in mountain social-ecological systems. Pastoral social-ecological systems worldwide are threatened by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic changes.
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